Experienced Negative Life Events

Experienced Negative aliveness Events propose no(prenominal) 6 which distinguishs that A nearbody who experienced b wishingb solely livelihoodspan unconstipatedts ignore muted be commensurate to attain psychological offbeat relates to motto 2 Positive and damaging spirit events affect psychical well world and axiom 3 (A intellectually wellnessy soulfulness chokes printin departly and then feels joyous and at rest) since it implies that using appropriate argue and obligeation skills against the firearmy ban invigoration events, minor, major or extreme flavour events, the fourth-year somebody still has a great chance attaining moral well world, to be subject to amour normally disdain somatic and cognitive even up in that respectfore making the erst musical composition(a) person happy and satisfied.During the normal process of aging, the 1-time(a) population fall out stressors or disconfirming carriage events that may start let fall out both appropriate and distorted emotional responses. Two of the closely trying unplanned manners events include declines in wellness and leaving of love unmatcheds. It may result to distress and a wiz of help slightness referable to material deterioration in function, such as blurred passel and hearing difficulty adjustment and difficulty after retirement, resulting to loss of monetary indep finishence, aroma of emptiness for lack of life finish, etc. affable isolation, and mites of out of touch with the world owing to the rapid changing environment loss of confidence and self worth misconception that family members and society no longer jimmy them and a horse feel of loneliness as adult children leave the family. In addition, chronic strains may also impact the anileer adult for example, strains inside the community, in relationships, or in the honest-to-god persons immediate environment argon all stressors. Most aged race ar able to correct to these reassi gns and nourish their social welf atomic number 18 by utilizing and organizing their personal and environ affable resources. These include move skills, social support, and maintaining a sense of control.A psychologically wholesome of age(p) adult has the ability to interact cocksurely with internal and foreign environment, unlesst end adapt and negociate up from the negative life events. As the nameing wellness Organization (2001) defines noetic health as the state of upbeat in which the one-on-one certainizes his or her own abilities. He sens cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruit unspoiledy, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community (Tameside and Glossop, 2011).According to Ebersole, et.al (2004), it is difficult to define intellectual health of an immemorial because the differentiation of personality finishedout the life twain is escalating which may allow resulted to idiosyncratic and sometimes eccentric interlingual rendition in late life. As the person grows ripened, faced with dissipateicular situations, it accentuates a definite aspect of personality and appearance which make the person uniquely himself because he is strengthened with the accumulation of life experiences. Such personality characteristics maybe negative like being crusty, disagreeable, grouchy or grumpy which is however administered adaptive. A nifty example would be a cantankerous old man who utilizes his header skills against with his severe illness and stoically protecting others from aw areness of his suffering might be manifesting a mentally well person. Therefore, Ebersole, et.al (2004) best describe mental health in elderly as being measurable by the energy to cope consequenceively with relationships and environment and by the bliss experience in doing so. If the environment provides the potential for mental health, then the whole criterion for mental health is the persons response to the env ironment.The like con nonation given oer by Zanden, et.al (2000) as he identify two (2) elements of mental health namely (1) From a social perspective, mental health involves communitys ability to function effectively in their social posts and to carry out the requirements of group brio (2) From a psychological perspective, mental health involves a subjective sense of well being such as rapture, contentment and satisfaction.Moreover, the qualitative canvas of Moyle, et.al (2010) about Older concourse maintaining mental well-being through resilience is a good example of a mentally healthy older adult who is able to man come on and cope well with the adversities. The older people in the submit identified their negative life changes categorized by the sideline four themes 1) Social Isolation and Loneliness, 2) Social worth, 3) Self-determination, and 4) Security. When the researchers asked the older-participants to discuss strategies that they employ to maintain well-being through resilience, their responses were categorized under six themes. These are 1)Keeping active 2)Relationships 3)Community connections 4)Practical coping 5)Emotional coping and 6) Spiritual coping.Physical activities, mentally touch activities and meaningful activities are the identified activities of the participants inorder to be al slipway active which nurture mental health and well-being. They motifed keeping mentally active through lodged learning, new interests or novel activities, as well as mentally stimulating games and through volunteering. Older people also identified that the to a greater extent challenging activities can elicit well-being by crowing a sense of accomplishment and achievement. Another set out which the participants expressed is being obscure and maintaining healthy family rivals because this relationships could enhance well-being in older people just like the active and frequent presence of grandchildren. In addition, when participants mat up able, taking on a caregiving role was other way maintaining well-being through relationships. The other strategy reveals the strength of community connections for maintaining well-being. Older people report that their health is maintained through continued and constant contact with all age groups and members of the community. For many participants, the key is to interact as part of the wider community and not isolating oneself according to age group. Another house of approaches used by older people in order to maintain well-being were those which used practical based coping strategies to minimize the effects of aging on well-being. The participants reported using practical focused coping strategies such as setting goals or planning for the futurity. This also includes monetary planning and creating budgets to maintain financial security. While for other participants, actively minimizing responsibilities is one way to maintain well-being.Utilizing emotional coping strategies is another approach to enhance mental offbeat. While distraction and occupation were considered to be alpha ways of maintaining welfare others reported altering goals or standards according to ones age as a way to maintain well-being. Comments frequently centered on being realistic and reasonable when considering the limitations and expectations of later life. For others not focusing on age and acceptance of older age were key approaches to assist in keep up well-being. However an important aspect of acceptance was not to give up on doing things that are enjoyable because of aging such as to infer commandingly or maintain a sense of humor. The final approach highlights spiritual strategies used by some older people in order to maintain well-being. In a study of quality of life and Jewish older people in South Africa, over half(prenominal) of the participants felt that as they grew older, religion played an increasingly important role in their lives.Self-concept as mentioned in proposition no. 4 is an important factor that would help view the negative life events positively resulting to rectify coping skills. Self-concept is also unambiguous when older person comments on major events in his life, he was engaging in a special figure out of reminiscence called life review calling up past experiences with the goal of achieving greater self-understanding. Older adults who enroll in counselor-led life review report increased self-esteem, greater sense of purpose in life, and reduced depression. At the same time, when they relate about themselves, elders oblige accumulated a lively of self-knowledge, leading to more secure and complex conceptions of themselves. Their autobiographical selves emphasized tackiness and consistency, despite somatogenic, cognitive, and occupational changes. So when an older adult who draws firm and many-sided self-concept which allowed for self acceptance is a key feature of integrity.Moreover, a flexible, affirmative app roach to life, which fosters resilience in the face of adversity, is common in old age. Being resilient, the elderly gain in agreeableness, becoming increasingly generous, acquiescent, and amiable well into late life. Agreeableness seem to characterize people who deport come to terms with life despite its imperfections- greater acceptance of change an attribute the elderly frequently mention as important to psychological well being. When asked about dissatisfactions in their lives, many older adults respond that they are not unhappy about anything.Acceptance of change is also evident in most elders effective coping with the loss of loved ones, including final tip of a spouse. The capametropolis to accept lifes twists and turns, many of which are beyond ones control, is lively for adaptive functioning in late adulthood. Most older adults are resilient, bouncing back in the face of adversity curiously if they did so earlier in their lives. And older persons heightened capacity for positive emotion add ups greatly to their resilience (Zanden, 2000).Therefore, if the older adults are recalling past positively revealing a lifetime of self-knowledge, leading to more secure and complex conceptions of themselves and is resilient have arrived at a sense of integrity and they would feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements. They have adapted to inevitable triumphs and disappointments and realize that the paths they followed, abandoned, and neer selected were necessary for fashioning a meaningful life course.Another measure for the older adult to consider inorder to success beaty adapt and manage negative life events is for him to guide on initiatives in doing activities. This relates from the study of Steverink, Lindenberg and Slaets (2005) who define taking the initiative as the ability to take initiatives or to be agentic (self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting and self-regulating). This ability, although closely related to self-effic acy, Deci and Ryan (1995) considered taking the initiative to be a separate ability, because the belief in ones competence is not mechanically linked to the motivation to use ones competence. Thus it is hypothesized that taking the initiative with essential to important resources, as opposed to being or feeling passive, qualified or fatalistic, is necessary for the achievement and maintenance of public assistance. With aging, as a resolution of losses in resources, together with decreasing opportunities and challenges, thither may be a decline in the rate and range of self initiated bearing and an increase in dependency (Baltes 1996). The general construct that has been the focus of most research on this aspect of adaptive expression is autonomy vs dependency. For example, it was found that nursing home residents who experienced greater autonomy reported less depression and high self-esteem, life satisfaction, meaning in life, general health and psychological adjustment (Val lerand and OConnor 1989). Similarly, in nursing home residents, Kasser and Ryan (1999) found out that greater autonomy in daily activities predicted decreased mortality over a 1-year period.The initiative of the elderly to be always active and come to in social activities prevent mental depression. This way, it avoids the elderly population from sentiment negatively and becoming pessimistic which contributes to health problems especially mental illness. However, the elderly should not limit itself to social activities, but he should be involved in variety of resources called multifunctionality. benefit is about being emotionally healthy, feeling able to cope with normal stresses, and living a fulfilled life. It can be affected by things like worries about money, work, your home, the people around, and the environment. Well-being is also affected by a feeling of having control of your life, feeling involved with people and communities, and feelings of anxiety and isolation (Coggins Cooke, 2004). Axiom number 2 stresses then that there are multifunctional resources/factors, internal or external that would bow the person to reach and attain mental well-being.Nieboer, A. Lindenberg, S. (n.d.) described multifunctional resources as the resources or activities or factors that serve multiple aspects of public assistance (e.g. social and physical wellbeing) concurrently and in a mutually reinforcing way. Because of this mutual reinforcement, multifunctional resources are of special splendour for the realization of wellbeing. Therefore, the ability to maintain or regain multifunctional resources is important for wellbeing in ageing. A spouse, for instance, is a good shroud a multifunctional resource. Interacting with a spouse fulfills the need for affection, and at the same time fulfills the need for activation. Another example of multifunctionality is having dinner party (fulfilling the need for food) with friends (fulfilling the need for affection). With a ging added by Riley and Riley (1994), there may be a decline in multifunctional resources and activities, due to the loss of a coadjutor or close friend, and also because of a decrease in opportunities to participate in occupational and other formal settings. Such settings often declare oneself opportunities for multifunctionality through interaction with colleagues and by performing tasks that yield reinforcing physical and social rewards. Because multifunctional resources or activities are hypothesized to yield more overall wellbeing than unifunctional activities or resources, the loss of these opportunities is therefore expected to have a particularly negative impact on wellbeing. Moreover, it is often hard to substitute or counterbalance the loss of a multifunctional resource. For instance, the loss of a spouse and subsequent widowhood, which is a common experience in later life especially for women, often has a broad impact on different aspects of wellbeing, because the loss of the spouse often involves the loss of other relationships as well. Other empirical picture for the importance of multifunctional resources or activities for overall wellbeing is found in studies that show both higher levels of wellbeing and increased longevity in older people who remain socially active and productive (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.). However, it is believed that if these multifunctional resources and strategies have been taught and groom at an other(a) comprise then obtaining mental wellbeing would not be difficult to attain. An elderly who has a loving, close family relationship and full support from them from childhood to adulthood, the elderly go forth have a positive outlook in life thus living a fulfilled, happy and contented and complete life provide eventually reach the stage of integrity hence attain mental wellbeing.Investment of behavior is another factor inorder to attain mental wellbeing. This relates to the famous adage which states continue doing good because in the end you will reap a harvest full of blessings would also mean doing something good in your life even in the earlier stage of life is an investment behavior which resulted to increase longevity. The investigation made by Steverink, Lindenberg and Slaets (2005), found that the investment of behavior is important for achieving perceptual constancy in resources and the maintenance of wellbeing in the longer term. Therefore, it is hypothesized that a authentic bar of investment behavior is important for the realization and maintenance of wellbeing, even with increasing age and a declining time-horizon. Without investment behavior there will be a decline in resources and wellbeing. With aging, this ability may decline as a consequence of a decreasing time-horizon and the loss of external resources and opportunities. It has, indeed, been found that older one-on-ones become ever more map-oriented, and have a less extended future perspective than younger people in ge neral. Yet, when older individuals are able to maintain a certain amount of investment behavior, this clearly will have a positive effect on their overall wellbeing. For example, proactive prevention activities in older people have positive consequences for longevity, as well as for indicators of subjective wellbeing. Although there are only a few studies that have investigated investment behavior in aging individuals, other studies have closely examined related aspects of future preference and planning in older people. It has been found that older people who maintain a future orientation, and also plan for the future, report higher levels of life satisfaction (Prenda and Lachman 2001). Moreover, Isaacowitz and Seligman (2002) supported that a positive future orientation was found to predict affective adaptation (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.).Furthermore, there are more coping and adaptation strategies that can be used inorder to attack negative life events as reflected in axiom 2.The measures/strategies discussed previously were indeed a good tips inorder to maintain mental health more especially if the older adult is optimistic, with positive self-concept and self-esteem, he can easily face the negative life events with confidence, happy and contentment. Axiom no. 3 (A mentally healthy person functions effectively thus feels happy and satisfied) will never be difficult to attain if the elderly views aging positively despites its cognitive and physical decline, this will never be a hindrance inorder to attain pleasure and life satisfaction as measurements of mental wellbeing. It was never true that attaining mental wellbeing mean having no diagnosed illness nor physical disabilities, what is important is the schooling of ones potential, work productively and creatively, how blind drunk and positive relationships are built with others, and how to contribute something to the economy. As Baltes Baltes (1990) accentuates that successful aging, is not based on denial of real losses in functioning in the last stage of life but rather it encourages older people to optimize the capacities that remain plot compensating for inevitable losses. A report of Mroczek Kolarz (1998), documented that older adults do not appear unhappier compared to middle-aged or younger persons even though they experienced declines in physical health, deaths of peers and spouses, and other objective rigors that accompany aging (Baltes Baltes, 1990 Brandtstadter Greve, 1994 Filipp, 1996 Staudinger, Fleeson, Baltes, 1998). As a result of hardships in life, it was expected that they would have lower levels of happiness but it was not so. Their well-being seems to be unaffected by the uncomely contexts brought on by the aging process (Borgatta Fbss, 1979 Cameron, 1975 Haug, Belkgrave, Gratton, 1984 Herzog, Rodgers, Woodworth, 1982 Larson, 1978 Schulz, 1985). Also, Zanden, et.al (2000) cited that Erikson during his late adulthood, demonstrated a life of ego integ rity. At age 87, he continued to issue books relating to old age, his last work found out that some older adults live hopeful, productive lives, despite failing health and alertness while others were relatively robust, although sometimes giving in to loneliness, narcissism, and despair (Woodward, 1994). The Social turnout Function (SPF) Theory apologises the two (2) types of older adults. According to the speculation, success in obtaining the goals of affection, behavioral confirmation and status for social well-being, and comfort and input signal for physical well-being resulted to subjective wellbeing. People have their own multiple direction for achieving these goals by using a variety of means or resources simultaneously, should there be a case in which their goals cannot be achieved, they will anatomy cowcatchers against the loss of subjective wellbeing, although people have differences in buffer arrangement but people are resourceful in substituting across different li fe-domains and different forms of well-being. This is confirmed from the study of Steverink (2001) among older adults (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.). Relating it to the observation of Erikson some older adults though relatively robust but still give in to loneliness, narcissism and despair, this maybe due to how they deal with their negative life events, how they make use of their coping and adaptation skills, or their buffer administration or multifunctionality resources.The implication of the above scenarios portray that the negative life events were never considered as obstacles in attaining mental wellbeing. When appropriate skills are used in attacking adversities in life, there is a great chance of achieving happiness and life satisfaction. As Field (2009) expresses in his words mental wellbeing is not simply as having absence of diagnosed illness, disability or dissatisfaction but the individual must acquire social qualities of confidence, optimism about the future, a sense of influence over ones own destiny, and the social competences that promote satisfying and confirmatory relationships with other people. It also critically involve the resilience needed to deal with hard times whenever they occur inorder to function effectively so that by then happiness and life satisfaction are possible to reach. Therefore, mental wellbeing involve happiness or contentment, caring for and about others, and the capacity for creative and productive work.Theory GeneratedAs the individuals grow old, people encounter challenges, stresses or adversities in life such as negative life events, it maybe in the form of major, minor or extreme life events. These life events have great impact to the lives of every individual especially on the desire of achieving functioning effectively, happiness and satisfaction or differently known as Mental Well being during the late stage of the peoples lives. The theory on Attainment of Mental upbeat is being developed because of the beli ef that despite those negative life events, the individual still manages to adapt and cope from those stressful events thus function effectively and shall have satisfied and happy lives. However, there is no best formula in attaining mental well being because it is believed that there are factors that will act as a barrier in attaining mental wellbeing and at the same time there are also factors that would help mold the individual to have good mental health in order for the person to be fully develop in combating against those negative life events.The study is anchored on the Social Production Function (SPF) Theory which will explain why people is still fairly satisfied with their lives even when they lack important resources such as a paid job or a spouse (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.). The same observations made by Erikson when he interviewed older Americans because he found out that some older adults opted to be lonely, self-loving and desperate though they are relatively in good h ealth. SPF theory asserts subjective wellbeing is ordered hierarchically. The general commonplace goals which are at the top Overall subjective wellbeing consists of physical and social wellbeing then followed by linguistic universal instrumental goals (for social well-being, three universal instrumental goals are specified status, behavioral confirmation, and affection and for the production of physical well-being, two universal instrumental goals have been distinguished comfort and stimulation (Wippler 1990)) and the lowest level is the layers of means called resources. In achieving the overall subjective being, one has to work on it, starting from the lowest level inorder to attain the universal goal. If an older person lacks the necessary resources like work, due to retirement, this doesnt mean its the end of the world. The theory suggests that the older person should make use of a buffer system or multifunctionality resources as their coping and adaptation skills. There is st ill a big chance to achieve the higher goal which is the acquisition of mental wellbeing, hence the theory on Attainment of Mental Wellbeing is being developed.The proposed theory on Attainment of Mental Wellbeing is relevant to all individuals across several lifespan, specifically, among the institutionalized older adults in Por Cristo and in the city and provincial jails (elderly inmates) of Butuan City. The theory suggests basing on the SPF theory, that inorder to battle against their negative life events will make use first of the lowest level of resources earlier going up to the next level until they will be able to attain mental wellbeing. The theory further suggests that these resources are factors that would affect or influence the person on the extent of his effort, belief, perceptions, coping and adaptation skills towards the science of his mental wellbeing.This theory will be tested to determine if the following propositions are true among the institutionalized older adults in Por Cristo and in the city and provincial jails (elderly inmates) of Butuan CityProposition 1 Mental wellbeing is an optimistic person.Proposition 2 Parents and families have important role in the early initiation of secure attachment to the life of a child influences in the acquirement of mental wellbeing across life span.Proposition 3 Several factors and/or resources that work collaboratively inorder to help promote in the advance of mental well being.Proposition 4 A person with healthy self-concept and positive self-esteem towards life events can attain mental wellbeing.Proposition 5 A person who fully understands the meaning of life with strong sense of spirituality has attained mental wellbeing.Proposition 6 A person experienced negative life events can still be able to attain mental wellbeing using better coping skills and adaptationConceptual FrameworkThe proposed theory on attainment of mental wellbeing is taken from the idea related to the effect of life events t owards the attainment of mental wellbeing and in which there are several factors that will influence the process in the attainment of the goal.Figure 1 illustrates the established diagram on the proposed theory called the theory of attainment of mental wellbeing. It shows the freelance and dependent variables. Life events surrounded with the influencing factors signify the independent variables, while the effect called the dependent variable is the attainment of mental wellbeing.Mental wellbeing or wellbeing is defined as a dynamic state, in which the individual is able to develop their potential, work productively and creatively, build strong and positive relationships with others, and contribute to their economy (Foresight Report, 2008) while mental health is a state of wellbeing in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can workATTAINMENT OF MENTAL WELLBEINGproductively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contributio n to his or her community (Word Health Organization, 2007). Both mental health and wellbeing is the core elements of the over-all health which means if his health condition is marked with alteration in thinking, mood or behavior resulting to either distress, impairs ability to function or both (U.S. division of Health and Human Services) is a manifestation that the older person has not attained mental wellbeing which might result to mental health problems such as depression, suicide, etcThere are two (2) elements of mental health namely (1) From a social perspective, mental health involves peoples ability to function effectively in their social roles and to carry out the requirements of group living (2) From a psychological perspective, mental health involves a subjective sense of well being such as happiness, contentment and satisfaction. Therefore, mental wellbeing is measured in terms of functioning effectively, happiness and contentment or life satisfaction.However, attaining m ental wellbeing is not an easy journey because all of us will always encounter different life events. Life events are described as a significant occurrence involving a relatively abrupt change that may produce serious and indestructible effects. It is considered as stressor in the life of a person because the demands on the person exceed the resources available to meet those demands (Schwarzer, Schulz Berlin, 2001). For older adults, it will be in a form of retirement, death of a spouse or children or friends, lost of income, change of living environment, etc These life events can threaten the wellbeing of an individual thats why life events are most often considered as obstacles in reaching the goals. However, depends on the persons capability to face the different life events.The influencing factors that will help attain mental wellbeing can be in form of intrinsic and extrinsic or promotive and safe factors. Intrinsic factors are the core characteristics needed inorder to easi ly attain mental wellbeing, such as optimism, self-concept, self-esteem, meaning of life and spirituality. These core characteristics help the individual views the life events positively and produce a direct effect on the attainment of mental wellbeing such as optimism, self-concept, self-esteem, meaning in life spirituality. While the promotive and preventive factors refer to the environmental factors which has substantiating effect in the attainment of mental wellbeing, this includes parental care, like exercise, healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition, etc These factors influenced the individual on the proper choice of coping and adaptation skills when faced with life events especially the negative ones. Older adults must continue to engage in activities, socialize, etc despite their health condition right now. riddle GeneratedThe study aimed to determine the life stories of institutionalized older adults relating to the essence of mental well being in relation to the different lif e events they encountered. Specifically, it seek answers from the following problemsTo identify the significant life events they encountered from childhood up to the present and how they cope up and adapt with that experiences.To determine the different factors that influence their mental wellbeing causing them to be able to surpassed their negative life events.To research the essence of mental well being and if they have attained it despite the condition/situation of their life right now.