Reflective Nursing Essay | Leadership in AE

Reflective nurse Essay Leadership in AEFor the purpose of this assignment I go forth explore my personal and superior development in my third course of instruction and throughout the entire course. In this assignment I willing hypothesise on an episode of trust that happened in the accident and emergency incision during my placement in that location. I will question my leadership role, supervision and perpetration to others whilst I managed the minors neighborhood on a morning campaign. I ca-ca chosen to reflect on this episode of practice as this is one of the first times I was truly allowed to manage an subject field during this time I was able to proxy to others, question my leadership manner and make clinical decisions.I will use meditative practice to critically analyse my delegation and supervision of others and analyse my own professional development. Throughout this criticism I will also look into the surmise that underpins the following areas, Clinical Decision Making Leadership, Management and Team give-up the ghost Delegation and inadvertence of others and Continuing Professional Development.The main focus of this assignment will be my delegation and supervision of others as this is a truly important severalize of being a nurse as the NMC (2008) says You must establish that anyone you delegate to is able to carry out your instructions and that You must make surely that everyone you are responsible for is supervised and supported.To critically analyse this I will use a recognised model of reflection, I submit researched a number of different models of reflection to find one that is suitable for this and that Im cheery apply. Some of the models I have looked at include Johns model of reflection as cited in Siviter (2008) But I found that this to be to starchy and does non help me discuss my own development as rise , and also requires the reflector to work under constant supervision and pull through a diary. Another mode l I considered was Rolfe et al (2001) framework for reflective practice, but I found this not to be structured enough to adequately explore my development and create future action plans. The closing model I looked at is the Gibbs (1988) model of reflection as cited in (Siviter, 2008). The Gibbs model is well structured and easily guides the reflector through the turn allowing them to explore the reflection in depth and allow action plans to be created. I have chosen this model as I have used this model in the past and feel comfortable using it and I feel it is well suited to this episode of practice.During this assignment I will use a pseudonym for any forbearings I discuss to maintain confidentially in line with the NMC (2008) on confidentiality.DesciptionI was operative on a morning shift in the Minors area of the Accident and Emergency department with my mentor and her other third family scholar. The nurse in charge asked us if we wanted to take it in turns the run the mi nors depart for half the shift each. I was granted the task of running the area for the morning half the shift. In do- sincereer to my mentor and the other student on that point was a HCA also assign to the area. The minors area was not particularly busy this morning there was 3 patients in the area with another 2 or 3 waiting to be seen. One of the Doctors working with is in the area asked if I could do an ECG on one of the patients then refer them up to the cardiology ward as they compulsory to be admitted. I decided that I would hand the patient over to the ward as I had the patients in full history and I would delegate the task of the ECG to the other student as I knew she needed to do this for her skills, my mentor went with her as she needed to be supervised to fare this skill. On my way to make the remember call, a paramedic crew brought a child in the pediatric area of the minors bay. When a patient is brought into the area there paperwork has to be undefiled inclu ding observations. I decided to delegate this to the HCA as the other patient urgently needed to go to the ward. I asked the HCA to do a complete set of observation on the child who responded when I get binge to it I explained to her that the observations were more important at that time than stocking a cupboard. after making the phone call I returned to the child and the HCA to ensure the observations where completed correctly and noted the Childs observations were not normal and may indicate sagacious appendicitis as I had seen this on a previous shift, at this stagecoach I took the results to the doctor and explained what I entangle the doctor agreed and travel the child up in the waiting list to be seen next.Thoughts and FeelingsWhen I was asked to run the minors area initially I felt very excited about this as I have not had some prudence opportunities during my course and I was acquire to manage an area I have always been interested in and hope to eventually work in. W hen I started to get into the management role I started to find myself getting more and more anxious as I have never really worked in this environment before and that previous experience had been curb to wards which had more set routines. I felt comfortable being able to delegate to the third year student as I knew she would be competent to do the task I asked her I also felt confident in asking the HCA to complete observations as I knew they had genteelness to work in this area. I feel that I could have asked the HCA in a different way to complete the observations as I felt the way I handled it was wrong and it led her to resent me for the rest of the shift because I was short with her. Overall I enjoyed the experience and felt a great deal of satisfaction when I was able to identify a potentially critically ill patient and make the appropriate referral using my clinical judgement.EvaluationWhat I feel that was positive about this placement is I was able to practice my leadershi p and delegation skills which previously I have not had the opportunity to do. It has also given me a good insight into the importance of time management and prioritising tasks. This episode has given me a small insight into the importance of quality assurance because I had to assure the observations and also allowed me to recognise my own limitation as I knew there was nothing I could have done for the child without referring to a doctor. What was banish about the situation I feel was my team working and management style could have been better as I could have explained to the HCA in more positive way. I feel I may not have needed to delegate the task of observations as I could have made the call and managed to complete the observations in a timely and effective manner.AnalysisDelegation and supervision of others is an integral part of being a registered nurse. Delegation is defined as the process of transferring a task to a competent individual and giving them to authority to co mplete a selected treat task in a selected situation Hanston Jackson(2004).

Experienced Negative Life Events

Experienced Negative aliveness Events propose no(prenominal) 6 which distinguishs that A nearbody who experienced b wishingb solely livelihoodspan unconstipatedts ignore muted be commensurate to attain psychological offbeat relates to motto 2 Positive and damaging spirit events affect psychical well world and axiom 3 (A intellectually wellnessy soulfulness chokes printin departly and then feels joyous and at rest) since it implies that using appropriate argue and obligeation skills against the firearmy ban invigoration events, minor, major or extreme flavour events, the fourth-year somebody still has a great chance attaining moral well world, to be subject to amour normally disdain somatic and cognitive even up in that respectfore making the erst musical composition(a) person happy and satisfied.During the normal process of aging, the 1-time(a) population fall out stressors or disconfirming carriage events that may start let fall out both appropriate and distorted emotional responses. Two of the closely trying unplanned manners events include declines in wellness and leaving of love unmatcheds. It may result to distress and a wiz of help slightness referable to material deterioration in function, such as blurred passel and hearing difficulty adjustment and difficulty after retirement, resulting to loss of monetary indep finishence, aroma of emptiness for lack of life finish, etc. affable isolation, and mites of out of touch with the world owing to the rapid changing environment loss of confidence and self worth misconception that family members and society no longer jimmy them and a horse feel of loneliness as adult children leave the family. In addition, chronic strains may also impact the anileer adult for example, strains inside the community, in relationships, or in the honest-to-god persons immediate environment argon all stressors. Most aged race ar able to correct to these reassi gns and nourish their social welf atomic number 18 by utilizing and organizing their personal and environ affable resources. These include move skills, social support, and maintaining a sense of control.A psychologically wholesome of age(p) adult has the ability to interact cocksurely with internal and foreign environment, unlesst end adapt and negociate up from the negative life events. As the nameing wellness Organization (2001) defines noetic health as the state of upbeat in which the one-on-one certainizes his or her own abilities. He sens cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruit unspoiledy, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community (Tameside and Glossop, 2011).According to Ebersole, et.al (2004), it is difficult to define intellectual health of an immemorial because the differentiation of personality finishedout the life twain is escalating which may allow resulted to idiosyncratic and sometimes eccentric interlingual rendition in late life. As the person grows ripened, faced with dissipateicular situations, it accentuates a definite aspect of personality and appearance which make the person uniquely himself because he is strengthened with the accumulation of life experiences. Such personality characteristics maybe negative like being crusty, disagreeable, grouchy or grumpy which is however administered adaptive. A nifty example would be a cantankerous old man who utilizes his header skills against with his severe illness and stoically protecting others from aw areness of his suffering might be manifesting a mentally well person. Therefore, Ebersole, et.al (2004) best describe mental health in elderly as being measurable by the energy to cope consequenceively with relationships and environment and by the bliss experience in doing so. If the environment provides the potential for mental health, then the whole criterion for mental health is the persons response to the env ironment.The like con nonation given oer by Zanden, et.al (2000) as he identify two (2) elements of mental health namely (1) From a social perspective, mental health involves communitys ability to function effectively in their social posts and to carry out the requirements of group brio (2) From a psychological perspective, mental health involves a subjective sense of well being such as rapture, contentment and satisfaction.Moreover, the qualitative canvas of Moyle, et.al (2010) about Older concourse maintaining mental well-being through resilience is a good example of a mentally healthy older adult who is able to man come on and cope well with the adversities. The older people in the submit identified their negative life changes categorized by the sideline four themes 1) Social Isolation and Loneliness, 2) Social worth, 3) Self-determination, and 4) Security. When the researchers asked the older-participants to discuss strategies that they employ to maintain well-being through resilience, their responses were categorized under six themes. These are 1)Keeping active 2)Relationships 3)Community connections 4)Practical coping 5)Emotional coping and 6) Spiritual coping.Physical activities, mentally touch activities and meaningful activities are the identified activities of the participants inorder to be al slipway active which nurture mental health and well-being. They motifed keeping mentally active through lodged learning, new interests or novel activities, as well as mentally stimulating games and through volunteering. Older people also identified that the to a greater extent challenging activities can elicit well-being by crowing a sense of accomplishment and achievement. Another set out which the participants expressed is being obscure and maintaining healthy family rivals because this relationships could enhance well-being in older people just like the active and frequent presence of grandchildren. In addition, when participants mat up able, taking on a caregiving role was other way maintaining well-being through relationships. The other strategy reveals the strength of community connections for maintaining well-being. Older people report that their health is maintained through continued and constant contact with all age groups and members of the community. For many participants, the key is to interact as part of the wider community and not isolating oneself according to age group. Another house of approaches used by older people in order to maintain well-being were those which used practical based coping strategies to minimize the effects of aging on well-being. The participants reported using practical focused coping strategies such as setting goals or planning for the futurity. This also includes monetary planning and creating budgets to maintain financial security. While for other participants, actively minimizing responsibilities is one way to maintain well-being.Utilizing emotional coping strategies is another approach to enhance mental offbeat. While distraction and occupation were considered to be alpha ways of maintaining welfare others reported altering goals or standards according to ones age as a way to maintain well-being. Comments frequently centered on being realistic and reasonable when considering the limitations and expectations of later life. For others not focusing on age and acceptance of older age were key approaches to assist in keep up well-being. However an important aspect of acceptance was not to give up on doing things that are enjoyable because of aging such as to infer commandingly or maintain a sense of humor. The final approach highlights spiritual strategies used by some older people in order to maintain well-being. In a study of quality of life and Jewish older people in South Africa, over half(prenominal) of the participants felt that as they grew older, religion played an increasingly important role in their lives.Self-concept as mentioned in proposition no. 4 is an important factor that would help view the negative life events positively resulting to rectify coping skills. Self-concept is also unambiguous when older person comments on major events in his life, he was engaging in a special figure out of reminiscence called life review calling up past experiences with the goal of achieving greater self-understanding. Older adults who enroll in counselor-led life review report increased self-esteem, greater sense of purpose in life, and reduced depression. At the same time, when they relate about themselves, elders oblige accumulated a lively of self-knowledge, leading to more secure and complex conceptions of themselves. Their autobiographical selves emphasized tackiness and consistency, despite somatogenic, cognitive, and occupational changes. So when an older adult who draws firm and many-sided self-concept which allowed for self acceptance is a key feature of integrity.Moreover, a flexible, affirmative app roach to life, which fosters resilience in the face of adversity, is common in old age. Being resilient, the elderly gain in agreeableness, becoming increasingly generous, acquiescent, and amiable well into late life. Agreeableness seem to characterize people who deport come to terms with life despite its imperfections- greater acceptance of change an attribute the elderly frequently mention as important to psychological well being. When asked about dissatisfactions in their lives, many older adults respond that they are not unhappy about anything.Acceptance of change is also evident in most elders effective coping with the loss of loved ones, including final tip of a spouse. The capametropolis to accept lifes twists and turns, many of which are beyond ones control, is lively for adaptive functioning in late adulthood. Most older adults are resilient, bouncing back in the face of adversity curiously if they did so earlier in their lives. And older persons heightened capacity for positive emotion add ups greatly to their resilience (Zanden, 2000).Therefore, if the older adults are recalling past positively revealing a lifetime of self-knowledge, leading to more secure and complex conceptions of themselves and is resilient have arrived at a sense of integrity and they would feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements. They have adapted to inevitable triumphs and disappointments and realize that the paths they followed, abandoned, and neer selected were necessary for fashioning a meaningful life course.Another measure for the older adult to consider inorder to success beaty adapt and manage negative life events is for him to guide on initiatives in doing activities. This relates from the study of Steverink, Lindenberg and Slaets (2005) who define taking the initiative as the ability to take initiatives or to be agentic (self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting and self-regulating). This ability, although closely related to self-effic acy, Deci and Ryan (1995) considered taking the initiative to be a separate ability, because the belief in ones competence is not mechanically linked to the motivation to use ones competence. Thus it is hypothesized that taking the initiative with essential to important resources, as opposed to being or feeling passive, qualified or fatalistic, is necessary for the achievement and maintenance of public assistance. With aging, as a resolution of losses in resources, together with decreasing opportunities and challenges, thither may be a decline in the rate and range of self initiated bearing and an increase in dependency (Baltes 1996). The general construct that has been the focus of most research on this aspect of adaptive expression is autonomy vs dependency. For example, it was found that nursing home residents who experienced greater autonomy reported less depression and high self-esteem, life satisfaction, meaning in life, general health and psychological adjustment (Val lerand and OConnor 1989). Similarly, in nursing home residents, Kasser and Ryan (1999) found out that greater autonomy in daily activities predicted decreased mortality over a 1-year period.The initiative of the elderly to be always active and come to in social activities prevent mental depression. This way, it avoids the elderly population from sentiment negatively and becoming pessimistic which contributes to health problems especially mental illness. However, the elderly should not limit itself to social activities, but he should be involved in variety of resources called multifunctionality. benefit is about being emotionally healthy, feeling able to cope with normal stresses, and living a fulfilled life. It can be affected by things like worries about money, work, your home, the people around, and the environment. Well-being is also affected by a feeling of having control of your life, feeling involved with people and communities, and feelings of anxiety and isolation (Coggins Cooke, 2004). Axiom number 2 stresses then that there are multifunctional resources/factors, internal or external that would bow the person to reach and attain mental well-being.Nieboer, A. Lindenberg, S. (n.d.) described multifunctional resources as the resources or activities or factors that serve multiple aspects of public assistance (e.g. social and physical wellbeing) concurrently and in a mutually reinforcing way. Because of this mutual reinforcement, multifunctional resources are of special splendour for the realization of wellbeing. Therefore, the ability to maintain or regain multifunctional resources is important for wellbeing in ageing. A spouse, for instance, is a good shroud a multifunctional resource. Interacting with a spouse fulfills the need for affection, and at the same time fulfills the need for activation. Another example of multifunctionality is having dinner party (fulfilling the need for food) with friends (fulfilling the need for affection). With a ging added by Riley and Riley (1994), there may be a decline in multifunctional resources and activities, due to the loss of a coadjutor or close friend, and also because of a decrease in opportunities to participate in occupational and other formal settings. Such settings often declare oneself opportunities for multifunctionality through interaction with colleagues and by performing tasks that yield reinforcing physical and social rewards. Because multifunctional resources or activities are hypothesized to yield more overall wellbeing than unifunctional activities or resources, the loss of these opportunities is therefore expected to have a particularly negative impact on wellbeing. Moreover, it is often hard to substitute or counterbalance the loss of a multifunctional resource. For instance, the loss of a spouse and subsequent widowhood, which is a common experience in later life especially for women, often has a broad impact on different aspects of wellbeing, because the loss of the spouse often involves the loss of other relationships as well. Other empirical picture for the importance of multifunctional resources or activities for overall wellbeing is found in studies that show both higher levels of wellbeing and increased longevity in older people who remain socially active and productive (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.). However, it is believed that if these multifunctional resources and strategies have been taught and groom at an other(a) comprise then obtaining mental wellbeing would not be difficult to attain. An elderly who has a loving, close family relationship and full support from them from childhood to adulthood, the elderly go forth have a positive outlook in life thus living a fulfilled, happy and contented and complete life provide eventually reach the stage of integrity hence attain mental wellbeing.Investment of behavior is another factor inorder to attain mental wellbeing. This relates to the famous adage which states continue doing good because in the end you will reap a harvest full of blessings would also mean doing something good in your life even in the earlier stage of life is an investment behavior which resulted to increase longevity. The investigation made by Steverink, Lindenberg and Slaets (2005), found that the investment of behavior is important for achieving perceptual constancy in resources and the maintenance of wellbeing in the longer term. Therefore, it is hypothesized that a authentic bar of investment behavior is important for the realization and maintenance of wellbeing, even with increasing age and a declining time-horizon. Without investment behavior there will be a decline in resources and wellbeing. With aging, this ability may decline as a consequence of a decreasing time-horizon and the loss of external resources and opportunities. It has, indeed, been found that older one-on-ones become ever more map-oriented, and have a less extended future perspective than younger people in ge neral. Yet, when older individuals are able to maintain a certain amount of investment behavior, this clearly will have a positive effect on their overall wellbeing. For example, proactive prevention activities in older people have positive consequences for longevity, as well as for indicators of subjective wellbeing. Although there are only a few studies that have investigated investment behavior in aging individuals, other studies have closely examined related aspects of future preference and planning in older people. It has been found that older people who maintain a future orientation, and also plan for the future, report higher levels of life satisfaction (Prenda and Lachman 2001). Moreover, Isaacowitz and Seligman (2002) supported that a positive future orientation was found to predict affective adaptation (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.).Furthermore, there are more coping and adaptation strategies that can be used inorder to attack negative life events as reflected in axiom 2.The measures/strategies discussed previously were indeed a good tips inorder to maintain mental health more especially if the older adult is optimistic, with positive self-concept and self-esteem, he can easily face the negative life events with confidence, happy and contentment. Axiom no. 3 (A mentally healthy person functions effectively thus feels happy and satisfied) will never be difficult to attain if the elderly views aging positively despites its cognitive and physical decline, this will never be a hindrance inorder to attain pleasure and life satisfaction as measurements of mental wellbeing. It was never true that attaining mental wellbeing mean having no diagnosed illness nor physical disabilities, what is important is the schooling of ones potential, work productively and creatively, how blind drunk and positive relationships are built with others, and how to contribute something to the economy. As Baltes Baltes (1990) accentuates that successful aging, is not based on denial of real losses in functioning in the last stage of life but rather it encourages older people to optimize the capacities that remain plot compensating for inevitable losses. A report of Mroczek Kolarz (1998), documented that older adults do not appear unhappier compared to middle-aged or younger persons even though they experienced declines in physical health, deaths of peers and spouses, and other objective rigors that accompany aging (Baltes Baltes, 1990 Brandtstadter Greve, 1994 Filipp, 1996 Staudinger, Fleeson, Baltes, 1998). As a result of hardships in life, it was expected that they would have lower levels of happiness but it was not so. Their well-being seems to be unaffected by the uncomely contexts brought on by the aging process (Borgatta Fbss, 1979 Cameron, 1975 Haug, Belkgrave, Gratton, 1984 Herzog, Rodgers, Woodworth, 1982 Larson, 1978 Schulz, 1985). Also, Zanden, et.al (2000) cited that Erikson during his late adulthood, demonstrated a life of ego integ rity. At age 87, he continued to issue books relating to old age, his last work found out that some older adults live hopeful, productive lives, despite failing health and alertness while others were relatively robust, although sometimes giving in to loneliness, narcissism, and despair (Woodward, 1994). The Social turnout Function (SPF) Theory apologises the two (2) types of older adults. According to the speculation, success in obtaining the goals of affection, behavioral confirmation and status for social well-being, and comfort and input signal for physical well-being resulted to subjective wellbeing. People have their own multiple direction for achieving these goals by using a variety of means or resources simultaneously, should there be a case in which their goals cannot be achieved, they will anatomy cowcatchers against the loss of subjective wellbeing, although people have differences in buffer arrangement but people are resourceful in substituting across different li fe-domains and different forms of well-being. This is confirmed from the study of Steverink (2001) among older adults (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.). Relating it to the observation of Erikson some older adults though relatively robust but still give in to loneliness, narcissism and despair, this maybe due to how they deal with their negative life events, how they make use of their coping and adaptation skills, or their buffer administration or multifunctionality resources.The implication of the above scenarios portray that the negative life events were never considered as obstacles in attaining mental wellbeing. When appropriate skills are used in attacking adversities in life, there is a great chance of achieving happiness and life satisfaction. As Field (2009) expresses in his words mental wellbeing is not simply as having absence of diagnosed illness, disability or dissatisfaction but the individual must acquire social qualities of confidence, optimism about the future, a sense of influence over ones own destiny, and the social competences that promote satisfying and confirmatory relationships with other people. It also critically involve the resilience needed to deal with hard times whenever they occur inorder to function effectively so that by then happiness and life satisfaction are possible to reach. Therefore, mental wellbeing involve happiness or contentment, caring for and about others, and the capacity for creative and productive work.Theory GeneratedAs the individuals grow old, people encounter challenges, stresses or adversities in life such as negative life events, it maybe in the form of major, minor or extreme life events. These life events have great impact to the lives of every individual especially on the desire of achieving functioning effectively, happiness and satisfaction or differently known as Mental Well being during the late stage of the peoples lives. The theory on Attainment of Mental upbeat is being developed because of the beli ef that despite those negative life events, the individual still manages to adapt and cope from those stressful events thus function effectively and shall have satisfied and happy lives. However, there is no best formula in attaining mental well being because it is believed that there are factors that will act as a barrier in attaining mental wellbeing and at the same time there are also factors that would help mold the individual to have good mental health in order for the person to be fully develop in combating against those negative life events.The study is anchored on the Social Production Function (SPF) Theory which will explain why people is still fairly satisfied with their lives even when they lack important resources such as a paid job or a spouse (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.). The same observations made by Erikson when he interviewed older Americans because he found out that some older adults opted to be lonely, self-loving and desperate though they are relatively in good h ealth. SPF theory asserts subjective wellbeing is ordered hierarchically. The general commonplace goals which are at the top Overall subjective wellbeing consists of physical and social wellbeing then followed by linguistic universal instrumental goals (for social well-being, three universal instrumental goals are specified status, behavioral confirmation, and affection and for the production of physical well-being, two universal instrumental goals have been distinguished comfort and stimulation (Wippler 1990)) and the lowest level is the layers of means called resources. In achieving the overall subjective being, one has to work on it, starting from the lowest level inorder to attain the universal goal. If an older person lacks the necessary resources like work, due to retirement, this doesnt mean its the end of the world. The theory suggests that the older person should make use of a buffer system or multifunctionality resources as their coping and adaptation skills. There is st ill a big chance to achieve the higher goal which is the acquisition of mental wellbeing, hence the theory on Attainment of Mental Wellbeing is being developed.The proposed theory on Attainment of Mental Wellbeing is relevant to all individuals across several lifespan, specifically, among the institutionalized older adults in Por Cristo and in the city and provincial jails (elderly inmates) of Butuan City. The theory suggests basing on the SPF theory, that inorder to battle against their negative life events will make use first of the lowest level of resources earlier going up to the next level until they will be able to attain mental wellbeing. The theory further suggests that these resources are factors that would affect or influence the person on the extent of his effort, belief, perceptions, coping and adaptation skills towards the science of his mental wellbeing.This theory will be tested to determine if the following propositions are true among the institutionalized older adults in Por Cristo and in the city and provincial jails (elderly inmates) of Butuan CityProposition 1 Mental wellbeing is an optimistic person.Proposition 2 Parents and families have important role in the early initiation of secure attachment to the life of a child influences in the acquirement of mental wellbeing across life span.Proposition 3 Several factors and/or resources that work collaboratively inorder to help promote in the advance of mental well being.Proposition 4 A person with healthy self-concept and positive self-esteem towards life events can attain mental wellbeing.Proposition 5 A person who fully understands the meaning of life with strong sense of spirituality has attained mental wellbeing.Proposition 6 A person experienced negative life events can still be able to attain mental wellbeing using better coping skills and adaptationConceptual FrameworkThe proposed theory on attainment of mental wellbeing is taken from the idea related to the effect of life events t owards the attainment of mental wellbeing and in which there are several factors that will influence the process in the attainment of the goal.Figure 1 illustrates the established diagram on the proposed theory called the theory of attainment of mental wellbeing. It shows the freelance and dependent variables. Life events surrounded with the influencing factors signify the independent variables, while the effect called the dependent variable is the attainment of mental wellbeing.Mental wellbeing or wellbeing is defined as a dynamic state, in which the individual is able to develop their potential, work productively and creatively, build strong and positive relationships with others, and contribute to their economy (Foresight Report, 2008) while mental health is a state of wellbeing in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can workATTAINMENT OF MENTAL WELLBEINGproductively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contributio n to his or her community (Word Health Organization, 2007). Both mental health and wellbeing is the core elements of the over-all health which means if his health condition is marked with alteration in thinking, mood or behavior resulting to either distress, impairs ability to function or both (U.S. division of Health and Human Services) is a manifestation that the older person has not attained mental wellbeing which might result to mental health problems such as depression, suicide, etcThere are two (2) elements of mental health namely (1) From a social perspective, mental health involves peoples ability to function effectively in their social roles and to carry out the requirements of group living (2) From a psychological perspective, mental health involves a subjective sense of well being such as happiness, contentment and satisfaction. Therefore, mental wellbeing is measured in terms of functioning effectively, happiness and contentment or life satisfaction.However, attaining m ental wellbeing is not an easy journey because all of us will always encounter different life events. Life events are described as a significant occurrence involving a relatively abrupt change that may produce serious and indestructible effects. It is considered as stressor in the life of a person because the demands on the person exceed the resources available to meet those demands (Schwarzer, Schulz Berlin, 2001). For older adults, it will be in a form of retirement, death of a spouse or children or friends, lost of income, change of living environment, etc These life events can threaten the wellbeing of an individual thats why life events are most often considered as obstacles in reaching the goals. However, depends on the persons capability to face the different life events.The influencing factors that will help attain mental wellbeing can be in form of intrinsic and extrinsic or promotive and safe factors. Intrinsic factors are the core characteristics needed inorder to easi ly attain mental wellbeing, such as optimism, self-concept, self-esteem, meaning of life and spirituality. These core characteristics help the individual views the life events positively and produce a direct effect on the attainment of mental wellbeing such as optimism, self-concept, self-esteem, meaning in life spirituality. While the promotive and preventive factors refer to the environmental factors which has substantiating effect in the attainment of mental wellbeing, this includes parental care, like exercise, healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition, etc These factors influenced the individual on the proper choice of coping and adaptation skills when faced with life events especially the negative ones. Older adults must continue to engage in activities, socialize, etc despite their health condition right now. riddle GeneratedThe study aimed to determine the life stories of institutionalized older adults relating to the essence of mental well being in relation to the different lif e events they encountered. Specifically, it seek answers from the following problemsTo identify the significant life events they encountered from childhood up to the present and how they cope up and adapt with that experiences.To determine the different factors that influence their mental wellbeing causing them to be able to surpassed their negative life events.To research the essence of mental well being and if they have attained it despite the condition/situation of their life right now.

Impact of Genomics on the Future of Healthcare

Impact of Genomics on the Future of Healthc arThe betoken of this authorship is to address genomics and how it stand regard healthcare in the future tense.This paper stop overs an explanation what genomic sequencing is and how the sequencing bottomland do good the future of healthcare. Genome sequencing can allow scientists to telephone diseases before symptoms show. It will as well be discussing the estimable implications of genome sequencing and its current limitations.Genomics is the consider of genomes a genome is an organisms complete list or set of deoxyribonucleic acid, and all the genes it codes forDS1. basically it i all the data need to make and sustain that organism. Genome sequencing is sourcing the exact order of the base pairs that make up DNA and genome. On fourteenth April 2003 the Human Genome Project was complete it took 13 historic period to complete and embody $2.7 billion. Although this project took a large amount of time and money, it was defi nitely worthy it. The completed genome has made it possible for scientists and seekers to find genes easily and has helped them go steady how genes ready to tolerateher to direct the growth, development and maintenance of an entire organism (Genome password Network, 2003). A better understanding of the genome will withal allow scientists to understand what causes certain diseases and in turn develop better treatments for them. It can also lead to more personalized medicament, for example how the variations in an individuals genome can affect how they respond to drugs. Further query into the human genome would revolutionise modern medicine and healthcare as we know itDS2.We attended regular meetings where we discussed futurology and topics much(prenominal) as DNA Health. There was also a workshop where we worked on and developed skills such as referencing. We independently conducted research by search articles, journals, and websites online. We collected secondary data.Geno mics can be used to shout affection before symptoms show. This would mean that treatment could begin as early as possible, and precautions could be taken to ensure that patients wont ever get the symptoms. The rapid development of DNA sequencing technology has now made it possible for individuals to get their genome sequenced affordably and practically, this is personal genomics. Dr. Stephen Quake sequenced his own genome and built a database of gene variations and their connections to a range of medical checkup conditions and diseases. Using Quakes communicable profile they discoered that he had mutations that can cause a fatal and sudden heart attack, and over 50% chance of becoming diabetic and obese. It also indicated how Quake would answer to different medications- in that location are m any(prenominal) heart disease drugs which he may react badly to. This made it possible for doctors to take what they deemed inevitable precautions to prevent heart disease and gave him statins. Being able to predict future disease and make sure that only medicine which would work trump for that individual is given would save our healthcare system a pot of money as drugs wouldnt be wasted on patients they wont benefit, and disease could be prevented instead of cures or treated which often takes a plenty more money and time. Dr. Quake said, Were at the dawn of a new-madefound age in genomics, information like this will enable doctors to bring through personalised healthcare like never before.Couples who want kidren can also use personal genomics to find out if they are a common carrier for a gene that may cause their child to have a disorder or disease, for example cystic fibrosis. If both of them have a carrier gene they can take the necessary precautions to ensure that their child does not. For example, having their baby through in vitro fertilisation (IVF).The Personal Genome Project is a long-term study which aims to sequence and analyse over 100,000 pe oples genome. This could help research into personal genomics. Volunteers send in a DNA sample and information on their phenotype and medical records, this helps researchers to better understand the association between our genes, our environment, and our phenotype (our somato inheritable appearance).A survey conducted by Sermo (a social network site for doctors and physicians) revealed that 73% of physicians had not recommended that their patients get their genome sequenced. In another poll, 74% doctors give tongue to they believed family medical history was more informative for diagnosing and treating patients than genome sequencing (Begley,2016). The field of genomics is relatively new this could be why so many doctors are opposed to it. Dr. Girgis stated that there is a lack of treatment available to address whatsoever riskinesss are identified and that there is no evidence for insideng this testing (Begley,2016). legion(predicate) doctors believe that genome sequencing is n ot evidence based and that there is not liberal large scale research into its benefits. Some doctors suggested that information indicating that you will ultimately have a heart attack is useless if nothing can be channelized to prevent it. The benefits of genome sequencing will be more relevant and doable when we have the technology to develop treatments which can ensure the prevention of any conditions that may be found in the sequence.Those who participate in genome sequencing research such as the personal genome project are susceptible to genetic discrimination from employers, or insurance companies. As it may be sight that they have a variation that makes them more at risk of certain conditions or affectiones or if they diagnose they are at risk of get an complaintDS3. To prevent this from occurring the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination comport (GINA) of 2008 was created. Title I of the Act prevents health insurers from cosmos discriminatory, by making it illegal f or them to ask customers to change genetic testing, or inquire about genetic information when deciding a persons insurance eligibility or coverage. This part began on 21st may 2005 (Genetics Home Reference, 2016DS4)Title II of the Act protects people from discrimination from employers by preventing them from using genetic information when making any decisions about hiring, promotions, salary, or dismissal. It also banns employment agencies from asking about genetic information, or requesting genetic tests. This part was implemented on 21st November 2009 (Genetics Home Reference, 2016).Another ethical issue concerning genome sequencing is the protection of participants retirement. Although the data collected needs to be shared out broadly to maximize its value for ongoing exploration and research the participants privacy also needs to be protected (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2015). However, because DNA is so unique to each individual it can never stimulate 100% an onymised.There are a number of databases held by NIH where researchers can identify up de-identified data. In 2013 a study by mark et al pointed out that it was possible to identify participants using the data in the databases and public records (Wright et al, 2013). Since, NIH has control over who has access the to the data, ensuring that the privacy of participants is upheld. Before participation, volunteers are made aware of the potential risks they face if their genetic information were to be released, and are asked to sign an informed consent form. communicate consent forms should contain a description of the method of research uses of the results what results mean if results show the risk of a condition that may affect family members or children.Despite being a relatively new field, genomics has come very far in a short amount of time, the Human Genome Project took 13 years and $2.7 billion. But today anyone can have their genome sequenced in 24 hours for $1000. Genome sequ encing has already developed a lot allowing scientists like Dr. Quake to predict illness and attempt to prevent it occurring by taking precautions, whether that substance a change in lifestyle or taking medicine. Genome sequencing also makes it possible to acquire which drugs work best for certain individuals and which drugs dont this is very beneficial as it means money wont be wasted on giving futile treatment and medicine to those it wont help.However, genomics still has a long personal manner to go. there is no benefit of being able to predict illness if you cannot treat the illness. Medical cognizance needs to develop more and discover ways to treat more illnesses and diseases for the prediction of them to become very useful. Also, there are many ethical implications of genome sequencing e.g. privacy and discrimination. Although law and acts have been put in place to try and solve these issues there is still a chance that participants of sequencing will experience a breach of privacy so they have to sign an informed consent form. Genomics can definitely benefit and change healthcare in the future with more study and big research.References What is the human genome project? (no date) Available at https//www.genome.gov/11511417/what-is-the-human-genome-project/ (Accessed 9 September 2016)Wright, G.E., Koornhof, P.G., Adeyemo, A.A. and Tiffin, N. (2013) respectable and legal implications of whole genome and whole exome sequencing in African populations, BMC Medical Ethics, 14(1), p. 21. doi 10.1186/1472-6939-14-21.Begley, Sharon. Consumers Arent Wild About Genetic Testing Nor Are Doctors. STAT. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Sept. 2016.Reference, Genetics. What Is Informed Consent?. Genetics Home Reference. N.p., 2016. Web. 9 Sept. 2016.Sample, I. (2016) Healthy genome used to predict disease risk in later life. Available at https//www.theguardian.com/science/2010/apr/29/healthy-genome-predict-disease-risk (Accessed 9 September 2016).Collins, Francis et al. A Vision For The Future Of Genomics Research. genius Publishing Group (2003) n. pag. Web. 9 Sept. 2016.J, 2004 (2000) Whats a genome? Available at http//www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp2_1.shtml (Accessed 6 September 2016What Is The Human Genome Project?. Genome.gov. N.p., 2016. Web. 9 Sept. 2016.DS6DS1Needed to b referenced.DS2All good points made, only what you make factual statements you will need to control them with academic publications to back it up.DS3Good point, but you needed to show a reference to support it.DS4Good.DS5Should have given more attention to your reference list.DS6The diagram needed labeling.

Tackling Health Inequalities A Challenge Health And Social Care Essay

Tackling wellness Inequalities A Ch tot entirelyyenge wellness And Social C be EssayTackling wellness inequalities is a ch onlyenge faced by policy creaters and wellness practitioners This naming will critically discuss how Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) whitethorn be tackled, drawing on the current evidence based cerebration and mixer policies on tackling health inequalities. Over the past 30 eld, thither have been a name of strategies proposed to tackle health inequalities. They have all largely foc commitd on change the health of the most discriminate groups, reducing the gap mingled with the best and surpass off and improving health across the whole gradient. (Graham, 2004) The above will also be discussed be miserable.The World health Organisation (WHO) 1999 global strategy of achieving health for all is fundamentally directed towards achieving greater equity in health between and within creations. This implies that all mess have an equal opportunity to moderni ze and maintain their health, by fair and equal regain to resources for health. Targets in England also aim to improve the health of the outraged groups and that of the population as a whole and also closing the health gap (Secretary of State for wellness, 1999). correspondent targets have been desexualize up in Wales, Scotland and Ireland with the aim of tackling health inequalities (Graham, 2004).A health gradient approach in tackling health inequalities directs attention to the authoritative differences in demeanorspan expectancy and living standard associated with peoples position in the socio frugal hierarchy (Graham, 2004). Tackling health inequalities needs to focus on the causes of health inequality and health damaging behaviours associated with peoples unequal position in the socio- sparing hierarchy (Graham, 2004). Improving the health of the piteous groups and improving their position congener to azoic(a) groups is an important strategy in reducing the soci o-economic gradient. However, the Department of Health (DOH) (2002a) emphasises that to meet national targets and make progress on tackling health inequalities interventions mustiness r all(prenominal) to a greater extent than the most disadvantaged. Marmot (2010) also transports out focusing only if on the most disadvantaged will not hack health inequalities Graham (2004) adds that, to improve the social gradient, policies need to be associated with inviolate goods in health for all socio-economic groups with a rate of improvement which increases at each step down the socio-economic ladder.The White Paper Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation, print in July 1999, aimed to improve the health of the population as a whole, improve the health of the pommel off in society and narrow the health gap (DOH, 1999a). Narrowing the gap between the worsened and let on off, requires absolute improvement, bringing up the health of lower socio- economic groups faster than the higher socio economic groups (Graham, 2004). However, Graham (2004) points out that in a society where overall order of health atomic number 18 improving absolute improvement in their health whitethorn be insufficient to narrow the gap between the worse and better off. Wagstaff ,Paci and Van Doorslaer,(1991) also add that focusing on the worst off screw obscure what is happening to in circumstanceediate groups, experiencing poor health consequently compromising health across the socio-economic hierarchy. The White Paper set targets to be achieved by 2010, of which included reducing the death rate in people aged 75 years from CHD by at least(prenominal) two firths (DOH, 1999). A budget of 96m was allocated to these programmes, hitherto the White Paper aimed at the population as a whole and didnt set any item national targets for reducing health inequalities (Shaw et al, 1999).Consequently there was no signifi evictt improvement in health inequalities.Public health policy has been redefined to give more emphasis to tackling systematic health differences of advantaged and disadvantaged groups (Graham, 2004). Improving the health of the worst off and reducing beggary is the governments main target in tackling health inequalities. However, targeted policies may have negative effects on the health of other groups, either in absolute or relative terms (Graham, 2004). The disastrous Report (1980) and the Acheson Report (1999) recomm remaindered prioritising the health of families with children, reducing income inequalities and improving standards of poor households (Acheson, 1998). decline child poverty and improving dowry of children would have long term effects on reducing health inequalities (Acheson, 1999). The government set targets to hack Child poverty by half, by 2010 and eradicate child poverty by 2020 (DOH, 1999). The venerable people are more likely to be diagnosed with CHD, and if in poverty this can worsen the condition. The State Retirement aid needs to high enough to provide a financial auspices in old age, however the current government have change magnitude the retirement age to 67 years, which may increase income inequalities in the elderly people. The older one gets the less hours they work earning less income.Furthermore, getting the dismissed into jobs across the gradient is another way of tackling poverty. Marmot (2010) argues that jobs need to offer a minimum take of quality a decent wage and bendable hours to enable people balance work and family life. Good working conditions can reduce the risk of inventing CHD. However, getting people into low paid, unfixed and health damaging work will increase the exposure to poor health therefore increasing health inequalities. For individuals such as the permanently sick or house bound, employment may not be the solution out of poverty. Furthermore, it would be impossible to reduce unemployment if there are no jobs available (WHO, 2008). In April 1999, the government also i ntroduced the National tokenish wage, this policy was aiming at reducing in work poverty and decrease the number of individuals dependant on social security (DOH, 1999).Deprivation during utero and childishness has lifelong consequences in adulthood life. It is important that all pregnant women are able to afford an adequate diet and have a continuum of carry off from pre- pregnancy and through pregnancy (WHO, 2005b). Shaw et al (1999) suggested that maternity allowances should be increased, especially for women dependent on income shop or low paid jobs. in like manner to increase benefits to support families with children. However with the current government and its initiatives to cut cost, this may not be achievable.Furthermore, physical, social and emotional health is important in child development and these have an influence on education, occupational opportunities and life chances (Marmot, 2010). Marmot (2010) suggests that giving every child the best start in life is cruc ial in tackling health inequalities across the gradient. He recommended increasing the balance wheel of overall expenditure to the archeozoic years and ensuring that the expenditure is focused progressively across the social gradient. This includes providing good quality in early years education and child caution proportionately across the gradient. However, educational and other individual-based approaches scarper to be taken up disproportionately by the more affluent, which be given to widen health gap (Bambra et al, 2010)Quality housing free of coolness and damp is a basic need for healthy living. Shaw et al (1999) point out that poverty can be reduced by raising the incomes and standard of living of poor families with children, disabled and elderly people. The Central and local government should increase the value of welfare benefits and pensions and improve social infrastructures including social housing and everyday services (Shaw et al, 1999). Marmot (2010) also recom mended creating and developing healthy and sustainable places, which will improve social capital thus removing barriers to community date and action across the social gradient. Authorities should ensure urban preparation such as increasing street lights and safe pedestrian walkways in order to improve physical activity. This promotes good physical and psychological wellbeing and safe behaviours, which are essential for health equality. Furthermore, access to big supermarkets through investment in active transport can improve access to healthier food choices among low income groups. However, improving access to supermarkets and advising people on healthy food will not be effective solutions if the worth of fresh fruit and vegetables is high. Having a balanced healthy diet that has low and fat will reduce the risk of CHD (Lindsay and Gaw, 2004). Central government could trim down the food industry on the amount of fat and salt levels perplex in foods (Shaw et al 1999).Maintaining physical activity for at least 30mins at a time can reduce risks to CHD. Investing in public services for example leisure centres, play areas for children, physical activity can be promoted. However some of these public services come with a cost. Worrral et al, (1997) points out that there is unequal distribution of health resources as the more health resources go out to the richer households than to the poorer households. To improve access to health resources administration need to conduct regular audits to enable the redirection of resources to the disadvantaged communities.The government create the New White Paper, Choosing health Making healthier choices in 2004, which aims to support individuals and promote informed healthier choices especially those in disadvantaged groups (DOH, 2004). However, devising choice is difficult to practise if lacking the resources necessary, particularly the disadvantaged.Tackling heater is a key intervention that can rapidly reduce the numbe r of early deaths among CHD incidences. There have been a lot of campaigns and educational programmes encouraging individuals to make healthier choices. These have included preventing people from starting to smoke smoking cessation especially disadvantaged adults and pregnant smoking women, and protecting non-smokers from tobacco plant smoke through introducing Smoke free zones (DOH, 2010). And a regulatory jibe of alcoholic beverage consumption such public houses and bars closing early and minimal age limit on alcohol consumption. However, enforcing smoke bans and alcohol regulations are viewed to be effective methods but asking poor people to change risky behaviour when they cannot afford a proper meal or warm clothing and yet use smoking as a means of escape from their plight might not be sufficient enough to reduce health inequalities.Individuals from worse social circumstances have considerably high level of cardiovascular risk than those ones from better off circumstances ( Bambra et al, 2010).Marmot (2010) recommended the need for early detection and prioritising prevention of degenerative diseases related to health inequalities across the social gradient. Harkin et al (2010) estimated that an equal expenditure of effective primary prevention across all socio economically disadvantage groups can reduce inequalities. However equality in health care services may not be sufficient enough to end health inequalities. The DOH (2000) proposed a national screening programme for all people aged 40-74 to assess their risk of developing heart diseases. The use of statins is another key intervention that can rapidly reduce the number of early deaths among CHD incidences The use of cholesterol lowering drugs is based on an individuals level of risk for future cardio vascular events. If everyone in the UK aged 45- 74 with clinical evidence of CHD were treated with statins for five years, about 22,000 deaths and major clinical events would be avoided(Davey smith a nd Ebrahim, 19991097).Recently attention has been given to the role of the National Health Service (NHS) in promoting public health and reducing inequalities in health. The NHS aims to develop a systematic approach to treating people at risk from inveterate diseases and encouraging more people to adopt a healthy life style (Macintyre, 2000). Part of NHS funding is spent on prevention however most of the major influences on population health such as poor housing, unemployment and poverty lie outside the NHS. More so, health procession strategies focusing on individual behaviours such as smoking, diet and exercise are more commonly taken up by those in the affluent societies (Macintyre, 2000). Therefore these intervention need to engage fully the deprive populations otherwise this may widen the health inequalities.While the health of the population may be improving, policy makers have a considerable responsibleness to inform and develop strategies which can contribute to greater eq uality in health. Allocation of resources in tackling Coronary heart disease should consider pagan and behavioural lifestyles, material circumstances and, psychosocial pathways within social class and across the gradient. Focusing on the most disadvantaged will not reduce health inequalities dramatically. More so, to reduce the stepwise social gradient in health targets should aim at bringing levels of the lowest socio economic groups nigher to the national average standard.

Comparison Of Nuclear Power And Fossil Fuels Environmental Sciences Essay

Comparison Of thermonuclear Power And Fossil Fuels Environmental Sciences turn upIn todays world there be various ways of producing strength. In the past almost of the muscle came from fogey terminates fogy fuels were always apply to produce readiness beca utilisation they were cheap and available in vast cores. Nowadays, beca recitation of the special(a) amount of dodo fuels around the world and the high prices people fork over started to put on otherwise ways of producing push button. Nuclear exp hotshotnt is one of the some resources immediately being use in order to keep the use of fogey fuels surmount. In this paper I will discuss fossil fuels, thermo atomic power and the advantages and disadvantages of both.What are fossil fuels? Coal, gas, and oil are the tether main fossil fuels. They accept been formed from the organic remains of past plants and animals more than 300 million years ago. According to nada and the Environment, fuel refers to e preci sething that can be burned as a source of dynamism therefore, fossil fuels are the remains of animals and plants that have formed into materials that can be burned. The type of fossil fuel created depends on the kind of plants or animals and the amount of heat and pressure. The energy stored in fossil fuels originally came from the sun. When we burn fossil fuels, we release that stored energy. All the across world fossil fuels are the most widely used type of energy fossil fuels have been used to drive power for almost everything that one uses. Among all of the fossil fuels, natural gas and oil are more commonly used because they are rather easy to transport, they have low emissions, and are easy to handle. It has been tell that, except for coal, the supply of the other fossil fuels are sure to be depleted in a few decades.As of right at present, harmonise to Wikipedia- Fossil fuels supply close to 86% of the worlds energy. This is a large destiny of energy to be supplied by just fossil fuels. As I have already stated, we are currently in an energy crisis and fossil fuels are the lifeblood of our society and for numerous others around the world. Our supply is slowly attack to an end, which is why we have become more than willing to go to contend for it and make friends with those whom we really hate. Lately the former Soviet Union and some of the countries in the Middle East are in our good elevate strictly because of the oil reserves that they have. Our foreign aid has a consistent purpose. Even though we have befriended our enemies, fossil fuels will run let on and the use of them will soon take the lives of many people. These are distinguished reasons to find other heart and soul of getting the energy we need to pertain our society as we know it.So what options do we have? resource forms of energy are currently under bewilderment even though most of them are only in their initial stages. With more second from the government and public su pport, we may be able to speed up the development of these technologies and help free ourselves from the mast amount of usage of fossil fuels.http//www.myclimatechange.net/UserImage/3/Definition/WorldEnergyConcemption19652005-1.jpgThis is definitely a serious problem, and as inhabitants of the world we mustiness all come together and try to resolve the problem at hand. Even though some scientist put a time brush on how much longer they think that fossil fuels are hand reveal to closing, no one really knows. It will all depend on how well we manage our energy demands along with how well we can develop and use renewable energy sources.Nuclear power is energy which is produced with the use of a control lead nuclear reaction. Many nations use nuclear power plants to generate electricity for both civilian and military use, and some nations also utilize nuclear power to run parts of their naval fleets, especially submarines. whatsoever people favor an expansion of nuclear power plant s because this form of energy is considered cleaner than fossil fuels much(prenominal) as coal. Nuclear power does thence come with a number of proble.ms that must be addressed, most importantly being the safe disposal of radioactive waste products.According to Energy and the Environment, The entire physical world is made of atoms the word atom is derived from the classical word atomos which means invisible. Atoms, the smallest component of any element, contains enormous energy. When it is split a offset called fission, this energy is released in the forms of tremendous heat and light. It is this energy that was released on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, by two separate atom bombs in 1945 that led to the demonstration of World War II. This horrific scene created by those two bombs led the international community to condemn any further use of atomic weapons.Still, engineers, governments and scientists realized that if the atoms energy could be controlled and harnessed, it woul d revolutionize the worlds energy markets and provide important electricity reserves to help meet the worlds energy demands. It was even ideate that it could one day replace the need for fossil fuels. As a result, the first usable electricity from nuclear fission was produced at the Idaho national Engineering Laboratory in 1951.Nuclear energy requires sources of radioactive elements found naturally in our environment and manmade with which to create the nuclear fission serve up that splits the atoms. uracil is the most common and most used of these elements. The only other available sources that are used for nuclear energy is atomic number 94 and Thorium. Plutonium is non naturally occurring. Thus, the Plutonium used in nuclear reactors is man-made, climax from a nuclear reactor. According to the Ecology worldwide Network, Thorium, though not yet a mainstream nuclear energy supply source, is being intemperately studied and applied as a safer, cleaner alternative to Uranium. Still, Uranium is king as the premiere provider of nuclear energy.Perhaps the sterling(prenominal) challenge facing nuclear energy production after any potential for nuclear disasters similar to the 1986 Chernobyl event is the disposal of the highly radioactive wastes. Because it can take up to 10,000 years for these materials to fully break down into harmless elements the challenge is to store them safely for at least that aloofness of time. Even though it is possible, where and how are until now major(ip) issues.Exploitable Uranium supplies still pose some short-term challenges. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the worlds economically exploitable Uranium reserves are likely to last between 35 and 63 years, depending on whether demand is such as to justify the higher(prenominal) woo of mining less easily exploitable reserves.Still, in consideration of the power that can be generated by Uranium and the burgeoning globular energy demands, many governments are placing more emphasis on nuclear energy. The largest user of nuclear energy is the United States, followed by France, Japan, Germany and the Russian Federation. In the US alone, the nations 103 nuclear power plants each generate an average of around 20 tons of radioactive spent fuel a year. Spent fuel now sits in cooling pools and temporary storage areas waiting for somebody to traffic pattern out what to do with it.When you begin to compare fossil fuels to nuclear energy you are able to see that there are many advantages and disadvantages of both. unsloped because we have used fossil fuels for most of the worlds energy doesnt mean that we should relate to use what supply of it we have left. Even though nuclear energy is not yet as popular as the use of fossil fuels there definitely has been and will continue to be, a rise in its use.Advantage of Fossil FuelsDisadvantages of Fossil FuelsEasily distributedProbable contributor to global warmingInexpensive prod uctionCause of acid rain force to generate huge amounts of electricity in just a wizard locationQuestionable availability of some fuelsSimple combustion process can directly heat or generate electricity study increase in pricesCompared toAdvantages of Nuclear powerDisadvantages of Nuclear PowerNo Greenhouse GasesHigh initial cost because plant requires containment safeguardsNo Criteria Pollutants screw up products can be used to manufacture weaponsLowest impacts on the environmentPossibility of nuclear meltdown from uncontrolled reactionLowest cost producer of base load electricityNuclear reactors only last for close forty to fifty years.After we look at and fail both fossil fuels, and nuclear energy we notice that both types of energies have their pros and cons. There is no way that anyone could say that there is a major difference in the two that would lead one to believe that one is better than the other. As I have already stated, fossil fuels are definitely a great energy pro ducer. When large amounts of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil are available production can be easily done at a low cost with scant(p) or no problems. But as we know, because the availability of fossil fuels is now lessening, we have no other choice than to find alternative energy sources, thus being the case nuclear energy is a very good choice. According to the Nuclear Energy Institute Clean personal line of credit Energy, Nuclear energy is Americas largest source of clean- air travel, carbon-free electricity, producing no greenhouse gases or air pollutants, nuclear power plants aid compliance with the Clean Air bend of 1970, which set standards to improve the nations air quality. This statement says a lot about Nuclear Energy and is really able to show readers just how trenchant using nuclear energy can be.In conclusion, even though I believe that fossil fuels have served us greatly charm they have been around in a plentiful supply I think we now need to come out from the state we are in, one that relies fully on fossil fuels alone. We need to venture out and try new means of energy production new means such as nuclear power. I believe that even though nuclear power may have some high initial be it is well worth it. As Ross Garnaut said, A revolution in humanitys use of fossil fuel-based energy would be necessary sooner or later to sustain and to extend modern standards of living. It will be require sooner if we are to hold the risks of climate change to acceptable levels. The costs that we bear in making an early adjustment will get down forward, and reduce for future times, the costs of the inevitable eventual adjustment outdoor(a) from fossil fuels.Reference PageCohen, Bernard L. The Nuclear Energy Option. Plenum, 1990.The Ecology Global Network Ecology News and Information for Residents of Planet Earth. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. .Nuclear Energy Institute Clean-Air Energy. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. .Toossi, Reza. Energy and the Environment-Sources, t echnologies, and impacts. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA verve Inc., 2008Wikipedia. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. .

Advice on How to Sell Your Websites :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Advice on How to Sell Your WebsitesReprinted with permission of VotanWeb.comIf you be serious about exchange your website then you will need to spruce up your financial statements, budgets, and backing plans. Running your website as if you were preparing to sell it will improve your management practices and amplification the value of your website. If you receive an offer that you cant refuse, being prepargond will grade you in a great position to close a fill in quickly.In researching my book, How to Sell Your Website for Top Dollar, I interviewed over two hundred entrepreneurs who had sold their websites. Some issues came up repeatedly that have little to do with the mechanics of getting your website ready to sell just now that instead command you to do some soul-searching. What do you want for yourself--in the future? How much of your self-conceit is tied up with owning and running your website? What will you do next? view through the implications of a sale for you and y our family will go a prospicient way toward helping you select the sort of procureer youd be intimately comfortable with. There are two basic types of buyers, financial and strategic. monetary buyers wreak up an enormous segment of the market. They look for websites they can buy exploitation debt financing for 50% to 75% of the price, and that have sufficient interchange flow to service that debt. With few exceptions they value a website by using a multiple of four to six times earnings forrader interest and taxes (after making adjustments for expenses that would change for a new owner). There are disadvantages to selling to a financial buyer there are no synergies--such as partnerships with complementary websites. There will certainly be pressures to summation the cash flow because of the added debt. Financial buyers are in business to make deals, so they may overlook some weaknesses. They often leave everyday website operations unchanged, but they buy with a view to sel ling, and they dont give a damn about your vision for the future of the website. strategical buyers expect synergies with their other websites. Because of these synergies, they can afford to pay a premium, but they may not need to because they already have an intimate cognition of the market. They may know your websites strengths and weaknesses better than you do. Therefore, strategic buyers offering premium prices are in short supply.

Smoking Addiction Essay -- essays research papers fc

consume AddictionSmoking is an extremely clothe-forming vesture that usually forms in the early teen years. We should be targeting our children from the time they give in elementary school to prep are them for this temptation and encourage them to steer resign whizself of this problem (Schoebel 287). There is no sure cure for sens, and all rule requires willingness, dedication, and will power. Smokers should recognize the serious health stakes they are facing every time they light a prat and accept that quitting such an addictive habit would tho come with near amount of discomfort. Is there anyone who does not know someone who hatfuls? Everyone has a family member, friend, or coworker who smokes. They have chosen to smoke, more thanover by undecomposed being around them you are also smoking, only you have not made that choice. Before you choose to take this risk you should think round what may happen to your body. There are umpteen factors that you should take ve ry seriously smoking is a hazardous habit because it leads to addiction, disease, and high-risk pregnancy. As advertisements have shown on commercial on telecasting that smoking is a way to relax and to be cool by smoking cigarettes, they never show you the negative side of it. For example, addiction is one of the bad side effects and it is caused by nicotine. Once you inhale the cigarette you will then feel or want the need for another(prenominal) one, and you may have different personalities and change because of the addiction. You may get more grouchy and violent behavior and need a cigarette to relax, that instead it is doing more damage. Researchers have found ways to control addictions and some have succeeded. People at a younger age dinero to get addicted by the nicotine in the cigarette and this is where the problem starts (Schoebel 125). The hazards of smoking lead to many a(prenominal) fatal diseases and should persuade people to quit their habit. First, a major reason why people should quit smoking is that many people are dying of cancer. For instance, the statistics say that in the United States hexad out of ten people are dying daily repayable to lung cancer (Weitzman 214). This disease is killing people if it is not detected promptly. some other reason for quitting smoking is heart disease and its consequences. For example, many people have from heart failure, further even though they know about smoking and its dangers, they do not stop their habit un... ... alarming is that secondhand smoke contains greater concentrations of certain carcinogens than primary smoke. It also contains greater amounts of nicotine and tar, both unbendable and addictive toxins. There are positive and negative effects to smoking, but mostly negative.Personally, I dont have an opinion about this topic. I really think that a person, no matter what they are told, are going to smoke. Nothing can change their minds, if they dont want to change it. Its a difficult topic, and in my opinion, its bad for you, but in some peoples minds, they just dont care about what will harm their bodies. Smoking for people is a stress reliever and I think that its better than hurting yourself in a different way to relieve stress. Works CitedDhillion, Sulchraj S. (1993). Cigarette Smoking What its Doing to SmokersAnd Nonsmokers. PPI Publishing. Fred, Peter A. and Oxom, Harry. (1980)Smoking for Two Cigarettes and Pregnancy. The put out Press.Schoebel, Robert. (2001). Keep your Kids Tobacco-Free Smart Strategies for Parents ofChildren Ages 3 through 19. New Market Press.Weitzman, Elizabeth. (1998). Lets slop About Smoking. Hazelden Information andEducational Services.

The American Civil War Essay -- American History

The American Civil War emanated feelings of joy, exuberance, and glory, yet it substantiated loneliness, destruction, and death. In the antebellum southwest struggled, patriotism and pride forged a new path, and society saw soldiers as heroic actors and contend as their stage. While these actors played out their roles, the audience, the world, could shoot the breeze that their stage did non make them heroes, solely war deprived them of system and soul. In frigidness Mountain, Charles Frazier develops this excitement and progression to hardship in both Ada and Inmans journeys. The progression, corroborated by historical evidence, shows that while the antebellum South held a Romantic ideal of war, war itself negated the romantic opinion and became destructive, monstrous, and deadly. At the onset of civil war, a state of trepidation would be fictional however, common cold Mountain shows that Southern society did not fear war but eagerly anticipated it. Inman and Ada show that people did not dread war, but instead school teachers spoke of the grand wars fought in Ancient England (5), and each night, there was music and dancing (140). People did not live in fear, but instead, a strange time of war fever (140) and excitement was created. Young men considered dull and charmless suddenly acquired an air travel of glamour shimmering about them (140), not because they were instantly revitalized by Athena, but because they were adding themselves to the glory and honor of the ideal Romantic war. Society in Cold Mountain did not fear death, but they spoke of the glory of war, and had parties celebrating the glide path war. Mrs. McKennett, a woman Ada converses with, holds opinions exactly in accord with both newspaper (180), that the fighting is glorious, tragic, and he... ...inary Times of the Civil War Soldier. Ed. David Madden. young York Simon & Schuster,2000.Billings, washstand D. Soldier Life in the Union and band together Armies. Ed. Philip Van Doren Stern. New York Bonanza Books, 1961.Eaton, Clement. A History of the Southern Confederacy. New York The Free Press, 1965.Frazier, Charles. Cold Mountain. New York The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997.Martin, Bessie. A Rich Mans War, A Poor Mans Fight. Tuscaloosa University of Alabama Press, 2003.Ratchford, James Wylie. Memoirs of a Confederate Staff Officer From Bethel to Bentonville. Eds. James E. Hansen II & Evelyn Sieburg. Shippensburg Beidel Printing House, Inc. 1998.Thomas, Emory M. The Confederate Nation 1861-1865. New York Harper & Row, 1979.Vinovskis, Maris, ed. Toward a Social History of the American Civil War. 1st. ed. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1990.

Responsibilities in William Shakespeares Merchant of Venice Essay

Responsibilities in William Shakespe bes merchant of VeniceThe small and seemingly unnoticeable details in a boloney often hold in concert an entire theme of the engage. This phenomenon is recognizable in the plays of William Shakespeare, as a savoir-faire or incident with a minor character can microscope stage the audience to a much larger truth several(prenominal)what the work as a whole. The Merchant of Venice contains such a minor character, Lancelot, whose story gives a clue to the reader about the roles of the other characters in the play. Lancelot abandons his servitude to Shylock, and thereby weakens his own value as a member of society fulfilling a role. Lancelots decision is noteworthy because it re turn overs a conflict of responsibilities that can be found in some of the main characters. These other characters (with the exception of Portia) stand similarly to Lancelot, and Lancelots story helps to illuminate their shortcomings. Lancelots speech about running from Shylock captures the greater conflict between inconsistent responsibilities that is present throughout The Merchant of Venice. Every servant has a responsibility to his get the best before he is responsible to himself. Lancelot violates this basic principle of servitude, and thus brings humiliate upon himself. Not only is Lancelot under a contractual obligation to Shylock, he has both social and religious obligations to remain in Shylocks service. It is no surprise that the one who counsels Lancelot to leave Shylock is the fiend himself. To be ruled by my conscience I should stay with the Jew my master who, paragon bless the mark, is a kind of devil reasons Lancelot (2.2.17-19), thinking that it is probably a better idea to stay with Shylock. He also knows that to run by fro... ... ones. Because The Merchant of Venice is a comedy, no real harm comes to Lancelot or Bassanio because of their paltry choices, but they are all made out to be preposterous in com parison to Portia. These characters are luckyin comparison with some of Shakespeares other characters that are faced with inconsistent responsibilities (such as hamlet or Juliet, who both die), the non-role-fulfillers of The Merchant of Venice have extraordinarily happy endings. It is fire to note that most of Shakespeares plays that include conflicting roles or responsibilities are tragedies, while the happy resolution of The Merchant of Venice makes it a comedy. The mistakes in The Merchant of Venice are all fixable, so even though the characters neglect their roles on occasion, the quick thinking of Portia allows them to retire with their spouses safely as a rising day is breaking.

Physics of Color Vision and Color Blindness Essay example -- physics e

What is Color?To witness what pretension is, we first need to understand what light is. Light, as perceived by humans, is simply electromagnetic ray of light with wavelengths between roughly 380 nm and 740 nm. Wavelengths below 380 nm and above 740 nm cannot be seem by the human eye. electromagnetic beam with a wavelength just below 380 nm is known as ultraviolet radiation radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength just above 740 nm is known as infrared radiation. The sun, black lights and fluorescent lamps are entirely sources of ultraviolet light. awake is a source of infrared radiation, which is how thermal vision works.Electromagnetic radiation between the wavelengths of 380 nm and 740 nm constitute light and the human color-vision spectrum. in that respect is evidence that other animals, namely insects and birds, have a color-vision spectrum that extends further into the ultraviolet range. Evolutionary factors greatly influence the development of color vision in different animals and species.Although the human color-vision spectrum is continuous, it can be broken down into decided ranges of colors which are then labeled with specific names. Surfaces gain the carriage of color based on their bounceion and absorption of different wavelengths of light. A surface that reflects all wavelengths of light appears to be white. Conversely, a surface that absorbs all wavelengths of light appears to be black (and also heats up as a consequence of absorbing this electromagnetic radiation). If a surface does not reflect all wavelengths of light equally, it will appear as a color in the human color-vision spectrum.Color VisionColor vision is a highly-debated gray area that lies somewhere between physics and psychology. As we h... ... apart(predicate). Be afraid to drive near me because Im a bad driver.I didnt chance so smart in kindergarten. Between the color flash-card tests and the unripe suns I was apparently drawing with my crayons, kind ergarten was not exactly the high-point of my life.Thank goodness for those lower-ranking brown spots on bananas They say that bananas go from being jet to yellow when they ripen. To me, they go from being yellow to yellow, so I whole trust the spots. Bananas ruleThat one game of soccer... When I was a kid, I played in this one game of soccer where my team had green jerseys and the opponents had yellow jerseys. Somewhere in the middle of this game, the sun started shining in such a way that I could not tell the jerseys apart anymore. This was the worst game of soccer Ive played in my life. I waive soccer and took up bowling. I showed them.

Embryonic Stem Cell Research :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Americans are asked by the media to animation immature al-Qaeda cell research (ESCR) that uses homophile embryos. Many Americans favor ESCR because of the potential for benefiting throng in need, people racked by disease. This essay goes beyond the emotional plys surround ESCR and informs the reader of the scientific background so that he is capable of qualification a well-informed decision about ESCR. In August of put out year, President Bush approved the use of federal funds to support research on a limited number of existing human immature stem cell lines (Bush). The decision met with notably mixed reactions. Proponents of embryonic stem cell research argue that restricting federal supporting to a limited number of cell lines will hamper the carry on of science, while those opposed insist that any use of cells derived from human embryos constitutes a significant breach of moral principles. It is clear that pressure to expand the limits conventional by the President wi ll continue. It is equally clear that the ethical positions of those opposed to this research are unlikely to change. Regrettably, much of the debate on this issue has taken place on emotional grounds, pitting the hope of set heartrending medical conditions against the deeply held moral convictions of many Americans. Such arguments often ignore or mischaracterize the scientific facts. To arrive at an informed thought on human embryonic stem cell research, it is important to choose a clear understanding of precisely what embryonic stem cells are, whether embryonic stem cells are likely to be useful for medical treatments, and whether thither are viable alternatives to the use of embryonic stem cells in scientific research. Embryonic development is one of the most fascinating of all biological processes. A newly fertilized egg faces the daunting challenge of not and generating all of the tissues of the mature animal but organizing them into a functionally co-ordinated whole. Generating a wide range of grownup cell types is not an efficiency unique to embryos. Certain types of tumors called teratomas are extraordinarily adept at generating adult tissues, but unlike embryos, they do so without the benefit of an organizing principle or blueprint. Such tumors rapidly produce skin, bone, muscle, and even hair and teeth, all massed unitedly in a chaotic lump of tissue. Many of the signals required to arrive formation of specialized adult cells must be present in these tumors, but unlike embryos, tumors generate adult cell types in a hopelessly undirected manner.

Myth of Powerlessness :: essays research papers fc

Linda McQuaigs book, The Cult of Impotence Selling the Myth of Powerlessness in the Global Economy, is a refreshing new approach to viewing the up-to-date state of global saving and Canadas place in it. In recent years, such mysterious terms as pecuniary deficits, intrinsic rate of unemployment, stock market fluctuations, interest rate cuts and zero largeness and so on, have received an exceptional level of public consideration. Nevertheless, in spite of the now generally acceptable importance of the terms, their meaning an the set up of the domestic stinting policies is left for the professional economists to analyze and present the public, as well as commonwealths governing bodies with a controversy of remedies. Their guiding logic and principles are rarely questioned and more rarely fully understood. In such an environment, McQuaig has earned a wide audience for her literary works by stripping away the aura of complexity from controversial economic issues and making the m accessible and relevant to a general audience. Challenging the opinions of the experts, she is seek to bring back the debatable economic policies of the global age to representative accountability.McQuaig is a nonable journalist and a writer, who has written a phone number of books on the state of affairs that Canadas economy is. Unlike her former books that she has written ,discussing deficit reduction and cuts to social programs among others, this time she drifted away from the specifics and cerebrate on our general view and acceptance of the economic butt againstes. In the book, she attacks nations political passivity and acceptance of the believed fact that the domestic economy fully depends on the global market situation and that is should follow the trends. detain in this view, governments act as a victims to the global economic process and accepts an its people and impose this view on the electorate.Canadas economic troubles is not unique. Although, Canada is enjoy ing a period of relative economic growth, and the level of unemployment is at its terminal level since April 1976 at 6.8% in January 2001 (Tam). However, these 6.8% still mean 1.1 million people jobless. McQuaig argues that combating the unemployment should be the number one national economic policy, at generation at the expense of the corporate and governmental financial institutions and currency speculators. The fiscal conservatism of Bank of Canada under Gordon Thiessen, the banks governor, and anti-inflationism which have become, it seems, the ide fixe for most state financiers became a source of tremendous political apathy, prevent the capacity of elected officials to carry through on their more advanced and egalitarian campaign promises.

All About the Philippines :: essays research papers

The first inhabitants of the Philippines arrived from the land bridge from Asia over 150,000 geezerhood ago. Throughout the years, migrants from Indonesia, Malaysia, and other parts of Asia made their way to the islands of this country. In the 14th century, the Arabs arrived and soon began a long tradition of Islam. Many Muslims are dormant living in the Philippines today. In 1521, Magellan claimed the land for Spain, but was killed by local anesthetic chiefs who did not want Spains inhabitance. However, the Spanish returned in 1543 and named the land Filipinas afterward King Philip II. Spain soon after began their control. At the time of the Spanish American War the colonial government in the Philippines was administered by a Governor-General selected in Spain. The Philippine islands were used to reward the kings favorites who could return berth enormous fortunes from natives and foreign immigrants via a system of taxation that savored of blackmail and confiscation. The Govern or-General had a cabinet composed of the Archbishop of Manila, the Captain-General of the army and the Admiral of the navy stationed in the colonies. The administrative power lay with the Governor-General and the Archbishop, and the religious orders of the Spanish Catholic Church were the virtual(a) controllers. The climate of the Philippines, which is tropical, subjected to violent monsoons, seasons of drenching rains, and an almost intolerable heat durable from March to July, has made it necessary to change continually the Spanish administrators. By 1571, the country had control over the islands, except for any Islamic areas. The Filipinos lived in settlements called barangays before the colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards. As the unit of government, a barangay consisted from 30 to 100 families. It was headed by a datu and was independent from the other groups. Usually, several barangays settled near each other to serve one another in case of war or any emergency. The position of datu was passed on by the holder of the position to the eldest son or, if none, the eldest daughter. However, later, any instalment of the barangay could be chieftain, based on his talent and ability. He had the usual responsibilities of lead story and protecting the members of his barangay. In turn, they had to pay tribute to the datu, help him till the land, and help him fight for the barangay in case of war. There were four classes of society.

Augustine and Freedom Essay -- Papers

Augustine and renouncedom Evil-doing is neglect of eternal things and love of temporal things to the extent of seemly subject to them. This is done by the open choice of the forget . . . Free entrust makes sin possible but it was given that man energy live righteously.1 This is a brief summary of what Augustine believed regarding (1) the origin of sin and (2) the tendency for which humanity was endowed with free choice of the will. Though insightful as it may seem, Augustines statement will not set to rest any the issues raised by the notion of human liberty and divine activity, since with free choice of the will come perplexing questions that continue to rage in philosophical circles. Some questions, however, can be set forth that delimitate parameters within which to begin understanding Augustine on the issue of human immunity and its origins/causes. If disgust originates in the human will, from where does the will come? Are at that place any limitati ons to human freedom? Is the human will neutral or does it have a bias toward good? A bias toward evil? Where does free choice of the will come into play when individuals are protected by Gods grace alone? What is meant by free will? On these questions, and many more related, Augustine has been an immense help. In this work an attempt will be made to illustrate Augustines view of free will. Such categories as Gods sovereignty in election and salvation, the origin of evil and its impact upon humanity, the arbiter of God, human responsibility and the providence of God in sanctification of the believer will be utilized. Augustines understanding of human freedom should corroborate with (1) the nature and event of God, (2) the integrity of... ...Gods relationship to time changed when time came into existence see William L. Craig, God, cadence and Eternity Religious Studies 14 (1978) 497-503. 32.Norman L. Geisler, Philosophy of Religion (Grand Rapids Zondervan, n.d.), not e 10, chapter 14, 331. 33.Cf., Lewis and Demarest, Integrative, vol. 1, op. cit., 310-328. 34. On Free Will, Book II, xv, 48, AEW, 166. 35. Ibid. 36.The Simplican, The Second Question, 3, ALW, 388. 37.Ibid., 12, op. cit., 394-395. 38.AEW, Book III, vi, 18,181. 39.The Simplican, The Second Question, 13, ALW, 395. 40.William L. Craig, The only Wise God (Grand Rapids Baker, 1987), 135. Though Craig holds to fallen creatures having power to contrary, it is likely that nitty-gritty knowledge is still possible given the alternative view of freedom offered here (viz.,

Essay --

Chapter 3 Method and methodology3.1 MethodologyThis chapter will provide knowledge and understanding of the seek unconscious process that was carried out, before revealing the results. Methodology is the foundation on which a police detective bases their work. This process is funda custodytal to the research project as a whole as illustrated in Ryan et al (2002) the process of research is as authorised as the output (p.2).The manner in which research is conducted involves particular techniques. Tomkins and Groves (1983) sidle up that the selection of the most appropriate research methodology is dependent on the reputation of the phenomenon being researched (Ryan et al, 2002, p.35). Methodology is essentially the process through which this research is conducted and consists of two dimensions ontology and epistemology (Hopper and Powell, 1985, p.431).Burrell and Morgans (1979) Classification Matrix for the Analysis of Social possibleness is constructed by two separate dimensio ns that argon based upon assumptions of the nature of rules of order and of social science. Within this framework, there are four paradigms ontology, epistemology, human nature and methodology. For the purpose of this research project, the two paradigms which are of concern are ontology and epistemology. Ontology is have-to doe with with the nature of verity (Hopper and Powell, 1985 p.431) and epistemology the nature of knowledge (ibid). Together these two elements dress methodology.3.1.1 OntologyOntology, as described by Hopper and Powell (1985) is concerned with the nature of reality (p.431). This indicates that ontology is the study of existence and in this context is concerned with what we discern to be real (Ryan et al, 2002, p.13). There are two contrasting beliefs on t... ...uestionnaires were distributed to cardinal participants in total, 20 honours accounting students and twenty people from a range of occupations and professions. Upon analysis of the data, the researc her noted that there were more female answerers in comparison to their male counterparts. There were twenty-four women to sixteen men giving a ratio of 32. Most respondents were aged betwixt 18 and 29 although this was to be expected as most students are within this age range. However the range of ages in the former(a) respondent group, were much more varied, ranging from 18 to over 60.The solution rate was one C% for the accounting students as the researcher handed them out in soulfulness and not via email or electronic survey. This ensured a quicker response time and a higher response rate. The response rate from the other 20 participants was significantly lower, at 63% (20/32).